| 1 |
Author(s):
Shameeran Salman Ismael Bamarni.
Page No :
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Do you know the Cholera is raising its head now in the north of Iraq? What can you do to protect yourself and your family?
Abstract
Cholera is an acute bacterial disease caused by the gram-negative bacillus bacteria named Vibrio cholera (V. cholera) that infects only humans (adults and children) and is characterized by severe water diarrhea, rapid and serious dehydration, and death (1). Cholera is endemic in poor countries mainly in countries with poor sanitation, inadequate hygiene, and lack of clean drinking water. The main way for transmission of Cholera is by ingestion of contaminated food, grasses, and drinking of contaminated water with V. cholera (2). In Iraq, where cholera is endemic, sporadic outbreaks have been documented since 19663. Cholera outbreaks have recently been recorded in Iraq. A total of 1,000 confirmed cholera cases and 4 related deaths have been recorded from Iraq as of September 1, 2022. The four governorates with the highest numbers of cases and fatalities are Thi-Qar in the south (55 cases), Baghdad-Rasafa in the middle of Iraq, Kirkuk in the north (480 cases and 3 deaths) and Sulaimnia in the north (391 positive cases in June and 23 in July) (3). Recently over 130 cases of cholera have been confirmed in Sulaimania City and several cases in Erbil City according to the Ministry of Health of Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq September 14, 2023
| 2 |
Author(s):
Dr. Shameeran Salman Ismael Bamarni1.
Page No :
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Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum
Abstract
Hard ticks are widely distributed throughout the world and are obligate ectoparasites of vertebrate animals, including humans, and are the carriers of several diseases that affect humans. There are many species of hard ticks including Hyalomma, Dermacentar, Amblyomma, Anocentor, Apanomma, Haemaphysalis, Rhipicephalus, and Boophilus (1). Hyalomma asiaticum is species of hard tick and regarded as the vector that can transmit to humans and animals many pathogens such as Theileria annulata, Anaplasma marginale, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, causing a serious risk to animal husbandry and a risk to the general public's health as well as financial losses (2, 3). This article aimed because there are few researches about Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Muhammad Adil.
Page No : 3-4
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“Unveiling the Marvels and Mysteries of Nano medicine”
Abstract
Nanomedicine is the branch of study that uses nanotechnology to support and improve molecular levels of human health. Applications of nanotechnology in medicine today and in the future include research on diagnostic tools, medication delivery systems to boost gene therapy, and tissue engineering technologies. Nano toxicology is now-a-day inadequate in helping academia, managing bodies in illuminating the mechanism of action, maintaining its hazards and benefits, in consequence increasing the benefit of these material in medicine without dealing public health and environmental honor. Nanoparticles effect the plant growth, their impregnation and releases harmful ions. Nano medicines provide benefit to human being but can also causes damage to various essential organs of the organisms.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Muhammad Ahsan, Muhammad Arslan Khan, NIRMAL FARHAT , Muhammad Umair , Laiba Tariq.
Page No : 5-6
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Mouse Models in Vaccinology: Advancements and Applications
Abstract
Testing drugs in humans before they are proven safe is ethically prohibited. Immunologists face these barriers to bring vaccines and other treatments from labs to humans, thus using disease models to prove the safety and efficiency of vaccines is considered.
Animal models used to develop vaccines must be useful to observe the primary immune responses underlying natural and acquired immunity.
Mice are well-studied species as they have been used in research for more than a century. Mice share mammalian characteristics with humans and are vulnerable to many of the same diseases that infect humans.
Through genetic manipulation, mice can be used to mimic any particular human infection or illness. Mice are easy to look after and economical to purchase. This makes mice an appropriate subject for conducting clinical trials to see if certain drugs can cure human diseases. With advanced sequencing and genetic engineering techniques, the specific defects underlying human diseases can be given to mice, providing more precise data.
Another important aspect of the mouse is its accelerated lifespan, thus the complete life cycle can be observed and studied within only two or three years. These characteristics of mice enable researchers with a significant tool to study the pathologies of human infections and experiment with new drug combinations.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Muhammad Asim Shehzad, Muhammad Usama Bajwa, Ayesha Nasir , Ruba Azeem .
Page No : 7-8
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An Overview of Antimicrobial Resistance
Abstract
All living organisms have developed intricate mechanisms to ensure their existence, driven by the natural instincts of their survival. Humans have developed antimicrobial drugs as a response to infections, while microorganisms have concurrently adapted to survive in the presence of these antimicrobials. So, a significant challenge we face today is antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This article explores the origins, emergence and factors leading to AMR, as well as potential solutions, including alternative therapies, antimicrobial stewardship programs and use of Artificial intelligence to combat this issue and ensure the future of healthcare.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Tasawar Iqbal*, sidra Altaf, Ali Ahmad , Husnain Riaz , M.Waseem Zulifqar.
Page No : 9-10
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Multivitamins and Minerals are used for the Treatment of Hair Loss
Abstract
Hair loss is a prevalent issue that can be alleviated by incorporating vitamins and minerals into our diet. Adequate levels of vitamins and minerals are crucial for usual cell development and action. A lack of these nutrients can result in hair loss. It is crucial to have knowledge about the specific vitamins and minerals that can effectively address hair loss, despite the reasonable cost and easy availability of supplements. Two common forms of hair loss are androgenetic alopecia and telogen effluvium. Insufficient amounts of essential nutrients have the potential to enhance the occurrence of premature graying. Micronutrients play a crucial role in the hair follicle cycle by facilitating cellular turnover, particularly in the rapidly dividing matrix cells of the follicle bulb. The impact of vitamins and minerals on the hair cycle and immune system's defense mechanism, along with the effects of targeted micronutrient supplementation on hair growth, are being studied to determine if there is a link between hair loss and deficiencies in these micronutrients, specifically in individuals with non-scarring alopecia.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Husnain Riaz, Fatima Feroz*, Ahsan Akram , Ali Ahmad , Tasawar Iqbal.
Page No : 11-12
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Biomonitoring of cadmium accumulation in plants treated with cattle manure to enhance morph-physiological attributes of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum gracum L.)
Abstract
Toxicology of cadmium stress was evaluated in two different varieties of (Spinacia oleracea and Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) named as Dasi palak, Lahori palak and Kasuri methi, Guj, 1 methi respectively with the application of cattle manure the current study investigates the impact of cattle manure on the morpho-physiological traits of cadmium-stressed spinach and fenugreek. Seeds of both species were taken from Ayyub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad (AARI). Complete randomized design with three replicates per treatment was used. Different cadmium concentrations (distilled water, Cd 35mg/L, 70mg/L) were used on both leafy vegetables after two weeks of sowing. Stress was cured after 10 days of stress with the application of animal manure. Different morpho- physiological attributes were studied. Furthermore, an analysis of soil samples was performed. The results showed morpho-physiological parameters reduced in 70mg/L cadmium concentration than 35mg/L and control. Cattle manure has more positive influence on these parameters more towards 35 mg/L as compare to 70 mg/L in both species. Therefore, utilization of animal manure is a promising treatment against heavy metals.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Fatima Feroz, Husnain Riaz*, Ahsan Akram , Ali Ahmad , Tasawar Iqbal.
Page No : 13-14
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Nitrous Oxide Release from Asian Agriculture Farming
Abstract
The Earth's atmosphere poses challenges for many organisms. After the industrial era anthropogenic gases have dangerously increased. The agricultural revolution also raised greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. N2O emissions from agriculture reached 328 ppb in 2015 and continued to rise each year. As a potent greenhouse gas, it creates climate change challenges. The application of fertilizers and soil properties caused N2O gas emissions. Soil parameters like water content, carbon and nitrogen content, pH, texture (sand, silt and clay percentages), bulk density, crops, climate and management practices all contribute to N2O emissions. This study covered field experiments in Asia and helped locate factors causing N2O gas emissions. Factors that cause more emissions can result in strategies and policies to fight N2O gas emissions for sustainability in the environment and agriculture.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Muhammad Shehroz Sarfraz, Nimra Abdul Ghuffar, Muhammad Sufyan, Muhammad Sohaib, M. Wasla Talal.
Page No : 15-16
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Antimicrobial resistance and its prevalence in anaerobic bacteria
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the hot issues of the modern world. AMR proves to be of equal importance in all types of pathogens but a steeper curve of resistance in anaerobic bacterial species is a matter of great concern. The presence of anaerobes in food animals is one of the major health and economic issues all over the world. Transfer of resistance genes in these bacterial species mostly takes place by conjugation contributing to their wide distribution on the globe. There is a need for vigorous research in this area to reveal the mechanism and level of resistance in these bacterial classes which without any doubt will demand a lot of expertise, finance, and high-profile equipment.
| 10 |
Author(s):
Ali Haider, Umair Zafar, Shoaib Haider, Muhammad Abdullah Khalid, Noor Fatima.
Page No : 17-18
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Sustainable Agriculture for Food Security
Abstract
Climate change is a major threat to food security in the world. Sustainable agriculture is one of the key strategies to improve food security. In this paper, we will focus on sustainable Agriculture, food security, and food systems. We will discuss the impact of climate change on food security by using sustainable agriculture techniques. The importance of sustainable Agriculture for food security will be discussed in detail. This paper will highlight the importance of crop rotation, cover crops, and agroforestry in sustainable agriculture.
| 11 |
Author(s):
Ali Haider, Usama Saleem, Muhammad Imran, Noor Fatima, Fizza Zaheer .
Page No : 19-20
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Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture
Abstract
Climate change is a significant threat to agriculture, with the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere being a major contributor. Since 1900, global temperatures have risen by around 0.99°C, affecting rainfall patterns, increasing the likelihood of disasters, and affecting grain products. Climate change also leads to land degradation, with 500 million hectares of agricultural land abandoned due to desertification and drought. Extreme droughts lower agricultural yields by locking up nutrients and allowing salt to build up in the soil, leading to monetary losses and societal issues.
| 12 |
Author(s):
Abdul Rehman Javed , Ali Haider, Muhammad Shan, Noor Fatima, Uzma Allah Yar.
Page No : 21-22
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Integrated Weed Management and Post Emergence Strategies for Plants in Fields
Abstract
Weeds have a negative impact on agriculture, the ecology, and the value of property. They threaten crops and the environment when personnel, equipment, and ideal environmental conditions are few. They have produced several issues for the environment and plants. A variety of interdisciplinary tactics, such as physical, cultural, chemical, and biological approaches, are used in integrated weed management. These methods are crucial for managing weeds that threaten crops, the environment, and plants when personnel and equipment are few, which encourages a variety of techniques. This paper reviews the different methods used to manage weed growth.
| 13 |
Author(s):
Abdul Samad.
Page No : 23-24
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Plant-Based Meat: A Sustainable Alternative
Abstract
This in-depth article explores the world of plant-based meat and looks at all of its facets. It starts off by stressing the benefits of choosing plant-based meat for the environment and how it can lessen the environmental damage caused by conventional meat production. The nutritional benefits of plant-based meat are then discussed, emphasizing its higher protein content and lower levels of cholesterol and saturated fat. The article then turns its attention to consumer trends and adoption, stressing the growing popularity of plant-based meat, its widespread acceptability, and the impact of younger generations. It then explores the prospects and problems facing the sector, including things like flavor, cost-competitiveness, and regulatory difficulties while highlighting innovations, international growth, and health-conscious tendencies. The piece concludes by providing a compelling outlook on the future of plant-based meat, highlighting the expected development of new technologies, a wide range of product options, and international growth. Factors such as sustainability, health concerns, cooperation, and consumer education are anticipated to propel the expansion of the plant-based meat sector. Plant-based meat is becoming more and more popular as a healthy, sustainable, and viable substitute for conventional meat in a world where environmental issues and public health are major concerns. The need for sustainable alternatives in many facets of life has increased in a world facing environmental difficulties. Of all the ways we may lessen our environmental impact, the production of food is one of the most promising and significant. Known as "meatless meat," plant-based meat has become a popular and sustainable substitute for conventional animal-based meat products. This ground-breaking invention has the power to drastically lower the environmental impact of meat production while completely changing our eating habits.
| 14 |
Author(s):
Abdul Rafay, Ahmad Asrar, Sohaib Hassan, Rida Asrar.
Page No : 25-26
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: A Zoonotic Threat of a Prion disease
Abstract
A prion protein causes the scrapie disease known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. It mainly affects the central nervous system and its diagnosis can be done after the postmortem of the brain which shows a spongy appearance. BSE prevalence started in the UK but now it is reduced due to prevention and control. There is no vaccination for it. Isolation, quarantine, and surveillance are important for containing the disease. Its appearance in the form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and its zoonotic threat has been discussed.
| 15 |
Author(s):
Arslan Muhammad Ali Khan.
Page No : 27-28
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Antibiotic Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a Global Threat to Humans and Animals
Abstract
The effectiveness of practically all available medicines has decreased due to the rising prevalence of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), hampering efforts to stop the spread of this global health threat. To increase treatment efficacy and stop the emergence of antibiotic resistance, optimal drug combinations are required in addition to the discovery of new medications. Antibiotic resistance often results in decreased sensitivity, but occasionally, drug resistance evolution can result in increased sensitivity to unrelated medicines. Collateral sensitivity in M. tuberculosis is mainly unstudied, although it suggested alternate approaches to fight drug-resistant forms that are resistant to present treatments. Here, the mechanism of resistance in M. tuberculosis and a combination of therapy against this particular pathogen has been explained.
Keywords: M. tuberculosis, Resistance, Drugs
| 16 |
Author(s):
Arslan Muhammad Ali Khan.
Page No : 29-30
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The Therapeutic Effects of Important Botanicals and Their Active Phytochemicals Against Covid 19 Virus
Abstract
The new coronavirus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), which originated in China, has been rapidly spreading throughout the world. For COVID-19 treatment, no conclusive medication or vaccine has yet been discovered. Still, supportive therapy serves as the mainstay of the therapeutic strategy for many infected individuals. This paper suggested gathering potent medicinal herbs and their active components against this serious viral infection. The development, symptoms, and effects of COVID-19 were considered from a clinical perspective. We looked for potent botanicals and their bioactive compounds that might be used in COVID-19 supportive therapy or management. Numerous healing plants, including plants of Lamiaceae and Myrtaceae, can interfere with the pathogenesis of COVID-19 by preventing the virus' entrance into its host cells and multiplication. Additionally, patients with COVID-19 infection get relief after taking NSAIDS and types of herbal medicines. The immune system may be modulated by medicinal plants Thymus vulgaris and Allium sativum etc. Further research is needed for complete control.
Keywords: Plants, Infection, Treatment, supportive therapy
| 17 |
Author(s):
Arslan Muhammad Ali Khan.
Page No : 31-32
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Magnesium and calcium deficiencies in calves and their managementMagnesium and calcium deficiencies in calves and their management
Abstract
Magnesium and calcium are necessary cations that function as a cofactor for adenosine triphosphatases in numerous enzymatic processes. These components are involved in the protein synthesis mechanism and anaerobic phosphorylation. The two important vital organs, i.e., the kidney and small intestine work together to keep the concentration of magnesium and calcium in the blood within a specific range because they both absorb more nutrients even when there is a deficiency of nutrients. If there is a deficiency of magnesium and calcium in extracellular fluid, some of their quantity is exchanged with the bones. In the context of intracellular Mg depletion, the serum Mg can be normal, and the occurrence of a low level typically denotes severe Mg insufficiency. Calves frequently experience hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia. Hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia can result from several gastrointestinal (GIT) causes, protein-deficient diet, total nutrition, intravenous (IV) administration of Mg and Ca-free fluids, chronic watery diarrhea, and steatorrhea, and in rare cases, primary familial Mg and Ca malabsorption. The clinical presentation, the severity of the magnesium deficit, and renal function all play a role in determining the dosage and method of magnesium delivery for treating hypomagnesemia.
Key Words: Magnesium, Calcium, Management, Nutrients
| 18 |
Author(s):
Muhammad Subbayyal Akram, Muhammad Subbayyal Akram.
Page No : 33-34
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Role of Wild Migratory Birds as Disease Vectors
Abstract
Abstract
The transmission of infectious organisms from animals to humans is known as zoonosis, and it’s a multifaceted and dynamic field of study. Wild birds also play a vital role in it, especially those wild birds which are migratory. They are one of the major causes of genetic mutations when these wild birds, which are reservoirs of zoonitic infections, come into contact with wild birds or animals of another region while migrating. Even humans are affected by these migrations because some birds are consumed by humans. This paper is composed of various research proofs, which show how these infections are modifying and developing the ability to harm other wild birds, livestock, and humans. The main aims to clarify the ways by which they are affecting how to develop preventive measurements for the future.
| 19 |
Author(s):
Syed Wasaaq Ud Din Bukhari.
Page No : 35-36
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Role of Nanotechnology in medicine
Abstract
The word ‘Nanotechnology’ is derived from a Greek word “nano” which means “dwarf” (short man). Nanomedicine includes application of nanotechnology for the advantage of health of humans and their well-being [1]. Billionth part of a meter is nanometer. To imagine such a small thing is difficult and it’s very hard to believe that such small things really exist. It’s just like imagining of 1/80,000 the width of our hair.
| 20 |
Author(s):
Nighat Zahra.
Page No : 37-38
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Marek’s Disease
Abstract
Highly contagious viral disease of poultry caused by Herpesvirus [1] mainly affects chickens causing malignant lymphomatosis. Virus has many strains varies from non-pathogenic to very virulent strains [2]. It is present worldwide causing huge economic losses. Main route of transmission is inhalation of infected skin dander and dust [3]. No vertical transmission occurs, only horizontal transmission occurs. It is characterized by peripheral enlargement and T-cell lymphomas.
