| 1 |
Author(s):
Azka Nasir, Rabia Maham, Faiza Sakhawat.
Page No : 1-3
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Hepatitis C an ample viral infection in Pakistan: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Public Health Challenges
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus infection is a significant concern for global health and represents a serious issue for public health, particularly in developing nations like Pakistan. With approximately 8 million to 11 million people (which is roughly double the population of Arizona) experiencing active HCV viremia, Pakistan has the second highest burden of HCV worldwide, along with 240,000 new infections annually. A considerable portion of the population in Pakistan lives with chronic HCV, and many of these individuals go on to develop cirrhosis and liver cancer. Several crucial factors, namely injection drug users and accidental puncture with infected needles are identified as contributing to Hepatitis C. RT-PCR provides a diagnosis that is more sensitive and specific than serological testing, allowing for prompt and focused interventions. One characteristic complicating treatment is the variability of the virus. The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the prevalence of different genotypes and emphasizes the significance of efficient treatment.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Arshan shafqat , Zohaib saeed .
Page No : 4-5
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Skin scrapings examination for ectoparasites
Abstract
Ectoparasite infestations leads to significant threat to animal health, causing discomfort, disease, and economic losses. Therefore,Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management and treatment. This review outlines the importance of skin scraping examination in veterinary parasitology, highlighting various techniques, including superficial and deep skin scraping, adhesive tape method, trichogram, impression smear, biopsy, and scalpel blade scrapings with KOH digestion. By Understanding these diagnostic techniques, it will become an essential source for identifying ectoparasites, such as mites, lice, fleas, and ticks, and for developing effective treatment strategies.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Tayyab Zahid, Aiman Khawar, Syed Abdul Mueed Sherazi, Abdul Hannan Ijaz, Muhammad Haseeb.
Page No : 6-8
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Emerging Viral Diseases of Companion Animals: Global Overview, Challenges, Strategies and Future Directions
Abstract
Viral diseases are turning up very rapidly in this modern era due to the specific evolution of viral genomes. The formation of new and resistant variants and strains of these pathogens leads to massive outbreaks not only in the livestock sector but also in the companion animals leading to a massive loss to the pet owners. Many diseases like Canine Parvovirus, Canine Distemper virus, Feline Herpes virus, and Feline Calicivirus are the major risk factors to the lives of cats and dogs. Different public awareness strategies are adopted by WHO and OIE to help raise knowledge about the lethality of these diseases. Vaccination programs and vaccination strategies are developed to cope with these infections as mentioned in the article.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Duaa Hayat, Rais Ahmed, Urwa Gill, Abdur Rauf, Safana Babar.
Page No : 9-11
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The Role of Biosecurity in Preventing Caseous Lymphadenitis in Small Ruminant Herds
Abstract
Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA), a contagious disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) threatens animal and economic health of small ruminants population worldwide. The disease is complicated by abscesses formation on lymph nodes and internal organs and results in lower productivity, low veterinary costs due to the necessity of removing affected animals. This is because a number of measures needs to be put in place to avoid introducing and spreading CLA within herds. This review focuses on several aspects of biosecurity measures to provide protection from disease through immunization. The biosecurity preventing CLA relies on early diagnosis, other ways of isolation of infected animals and strict management of the environment. The review also explains the difficulty of applying these measures in areas with limited resources and emphasizes raising awareness and stepping up education and collaboration among the staff of veterinary offices, farmers and other stakeholders to control CLA in small ruminants.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Sadia Hassan, Javeria Shabbir.
Page No : 12-14
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The Role of Edible Coatings in Extending Shelf Life and Ensuring Food Quality
Abstract
Edible coatings (ECs) are effective, eco-friendly, biodegradable solutions for maintaining the freshness and quality of perishable foods like meats, fruits, and vegetables. These coatings protect food by preventing deterioration, preserving texture, and maintaining organoleptic properties. Ideal edible coatings (ECs) should possess non-sticky properties, dry quickly, have low viscosity, and be cost-effective. They should also be compatible with versatile application methods such as dipping, spraing, and 3D printing. Acting as a protective barrier, ECs reduce moisture loss, mold growth, and contamination risks, ultimately extending shelf life and reducing food waste, making them vital for food safety, quality, and sustainability.
Keywords: Food security, Edible coating, Food quality, Shelf life, Protective barrier
| 6 |
Author(s):
Qamar Ud Din Usman, Zainab Samiullah , Assam Ali , Habiba Asif .
Page No : 15-16
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Peanut hay as a non-conventional fodder resource for small ruminants
Abstract
Sheep and Goat production is one of the rapidly growing sectors in the livestock industry, fulfilling the country’s demand for meat. The major factors affecting this industry are fodder shortage and economic losses due to traditional feeding expenses. To make the industry sustainable and economical, the use of Peanut hay offers a promising non-conventional fodder resource for small ruminants resulting in efficient productivity, growth performance, digestibility, and profit.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Muhammad Abu Bakar, Syed Abdullah Bukhari , Muhammad Fahad, Muhammad Hanzla , Muhammad Abdullah.
Page No : 17-18
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Use of vaccines against public health significant gastrointestinal nematodes
Abstract
The GIT nematodes have reduced the quality of life in both human and veterinary care sectors. Anthelmintic resistance has been reported in both sectors, and vaccines can indeed serve as an efficient way of therapy. However, there are multiple attempts being undertaken for vaccine development but the challenges in the development of vaccines against GIT nematodes still exist. Several global health initiatives have been proposed for focusing on improving the quality of life against GIT nematodes.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Tasawar Iqbal, Nadeem Ahmed, Ume Salma, Sidra Altaf.
Page No : 19-21
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Medicinal and Nutritional Potential of Camel Milk: A Comprehensive Overview
Abstract
Camel milk offers significant medicinal and nutritional potential, making it a valuable resource for managing various health conditions. Rich in bioactive compounds like immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and antimicrobial peptides, camel milk exhibits anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immune-boosting properties. It has shown promise in treating diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Nutritionally, camel milk is highly digestible, hypoallergenic, and packed with essential vitamins, minerals, and proteins, making it an excellent alternative to cow's milk, particularly for individuals with lactose intolerance. Despite these benefits, challenges such as limited large-scale production, perishability, and variability in milk composition due to factors like breed and environment remain. Future research should focus on large-scale clinical trials to validate health claims, the potential for personalized medicine, and the exploration of genetic and environmental influences on camel milk composition. Addressing these challenges will enhance the accessibility and therapeutic applications of camel milk globally.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Shameeran Salman Ismael, Bland Husamuldeen Abdullaha, Amal Jameel Sadiq.
Page No : 22-23
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Dermatophytosis
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a contiguous fungal disease that affects and multiplies the skin, hair, and nails. Dermatophytosis prevalence has been increasing gradually in recent years, particularly in tropical or subtropical nations where temperatures and relative humidity are high. There are seven genera of dermatophytosis including Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Nannizzia, Paraphyton, Lophophyton, Microsporum, and Arthroderma. Most dermatophytosis infections are characterized by scaling, pustules, itching, inflammation, and loss of hair and nails. The main diagnosis of Dermatophytosis depends on microscopy and culture. And molecular study. DNA sequencing, or microscopy can then be used to identify the cultures. DNA-based molecular assays (PCR) can directly diagnose and identify clinical samples, depending on the assay. Several classical agents, such as Whitfield's ointment and Castellani's (Carbol fuchsin solution) paint, are still in use today but have no particular antibacterial properties. This article highlighted dermatophytosis, causative agent, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and treatment
| 10 |
Author(s):
MUHAMMAD MUNIR SHAH, MEHWISH ZAHRA, ASMA AMJAD, MUHAMMAD MUEEN SHAH, SEHRISH ZAHRA.
Page No : 24-25
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Advancing Cancer Prevention: The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Reducing Cancer Risks
Abstract
With yearly increases in incidence, cancer is a global health concern. Nonetheless, studies continuously demonstrate how dietary, and lifestyle changes can lower cancer risk. This study investigates the ways in which lifestyle factors such as physical activity and food choices help prevent cancer. With a focus on evidence-based strategies, we go over particular nutrients, food habits, and lifestyle choices that may help reduce the risk of cancer. This provides a road map for both individual and public health activities.
| 11 |
Author(s):
Muqadas, Muqadas Allah Rakha.
Page No : 26-27
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Ciprofloxacin Uses in cats
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin is a synthetic drug commonly used in veterinary medicine. But our special emphasis is on cats in this article. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, a member of the fluoroquinolone group. It inhibits the DNA gyrase of bacteria which is required for their replication. Ciprofloxacin is administered against many pathogens that are responsible for gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory diseases, urinary tract diseases, and soft tissue diseases. However, its use in cats requires special consideration on the dose, route, and potential side effects for avoiding harmful conditions. It causes side effects like cartilage damage, tendonitis, gastrointestinal disorders, etc. The dose should be used at a reduced level in patients with kidney and liver malfunctions.
| 12 |
Author(s):
Faryal Ikram, Maryam Bashir, Bisma Razzaq , Muhammad Adnan Sabir Mughal.
Page No : 28-29
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The Silent Crisis: Unveiling Antibiotic Resistance
Abstract
Antibiotics are regarded as a wonder drug for both humans and animals as they are essential for the treatment of infectious diseases but increasing use of antibiotics leads to the development of antibiotics resistance, a major life-threatening issue. Antibiotics are cytostatic or cytotoxic to the pathogens that permit our immune system to stop or kill the growth of microorganisms. Bacterial mechanisms for Inactivation of drug action such as modification in their cell wall, decrease permeability and active pumping system are the major reasons for antibiotic resistance development. Most commonly, antibiotic resistance occurs by changes in the ribosomal target. Globally, numerous strategies are introduced to overcome this problem. Safety measures include tracking system that track the use of antibiotics and health practices and diagnostic practices to decrease the risk of disease, but these are not enough. Understanding issues related to antibiotic resistance will be very helpful to overcome this global public health threat.
| 13 |
Author(s):
Noor Haider, Madiha Sarfaraz, Maryium Zahid, Minha batool, Rao Zahid Abbas, Saleha Tahir.
Page No : 30-31
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Staphylococcus aureus “A most pathogenic bacteria causing skin infections and osteomyelitis in humans
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus usually infects the human skin and nasopharynx. It could result in a variety of diseases that harm the skin, soft tissues, endovascular sites, and internal organs. Considering its elevated rates of morbidity and mortality, S. aureus remains an important pathogen as a part of both the community and hospitals. Globally, S. aureus is the most frequent cause of skin infections, irrespective of the patient's age, location, or environment. The primary clinical signs of skin disease can be attributed to a few toxins that the bacteria generate. The main toxins linked to most S. aureus-related dermatological complaints include enterotoxins, also exfoliatin (ETs), Panton Valentine leucocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). The most frequent cause of osteomyelitis, or infection of the bone, is bacterial pathogen invasion of the skeleton. Bacterial osteomyelitis is exceedingly difficult to treat, partly because the main causative agent, the Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus, is extensively resistant to antibiotics. Pathological bone remodeling brought on by bacterial osteomyelitis results in the sequester of infectious foci from systemically administered antimicrobials and innate immune effectors. Therefore, extended courses of antibiotics combined with surgical debridement of necrotic diseased tissues are usually used to treat osteomyelitis. Many people continue to experience persistent infections or illness comorbidities despite these drastic efforts.
| 14 |
Author(s):
Madiha Sarfraz , Noor Hyder, Khadijah Ishtiyaq, Tamsal Murtza, Muhammad Junaid Akbar, Saleha Tahir.
Page No : 32-33
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Pioneering Solutions in The Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance
Abstract
Since 1961, the most extensively employed overall antimicrobial resistant bacterium general has been Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Currently, the extent of infection attributed to MRSA is a tenfold worse than, collectively, all multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Klebsiella species. They remain clinically transmissible through the hospital system with primarily beta-lactamase acquired resistance to antibiotics. Three antibiotics previously used in the treatment of MRSA infections included daptomycin, linezolid and vancomycin. However, due to the antibiotic options and single nucleotide polymorphism in open reading frames, the SCCmec machinery of respective antibody, MRSA is not sensitive to the above said antibiotics. Out of all types described above, PENC is actually a new antibiotic which appears to harbor the likely probabilities of being capable of treating MRSA even though this bacterium is resistant to only penicillin and potassium clavulanate. In this article, we have shown the antibiotic molecular modes of action, the whole-genome level of different gene mutants and various resistance mechanisms of the classic antibiotics to prospect for the new drugs for the optimal treatment of MRSA.
| 15 |
Author(s):
Madiha Sarfraz , Saifuddin, Tania Rasham, Tamsal Murtza, Saleha Tahir.
Page No : 34-35
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Navigating the Complex Landscape of Antimicrobial Resistance
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa belongs to the family of Gram-negative bodied bacterium and it’ll infect an immunocompromised person. It is referred to as the cardinal cause of mortality and morbidity among the patients who suffer from cystic fibrosis and also as one of the cardinal sources of hospital acquired infections. Due to various forms of adaptation, resistance to various classes of antibiotics that may be used to treat infections causing organisms, infections caused by P. aeruginosa are dangerous and can even be life threatening. This brings a significant challenge in clinically; mainly because of its multiple antibiotic-resistant mechanisms, biofilm producing capability, and its ability to cause chronic infection in both animals and humans. This review provides strategies intended for managing P. aeruginosa or preventing its infections which include: Conventional antibiotics are quashed much of the time but are quickly becoming ineffective due to newly formed multidrug-resistant bacteria. P. aeruginosa is naturally endowed with resistance to antibiotics and various forms of antibiotic resistance mechanisms will be highlighted in this work. Therefore, besides the antibiotics, the action strategies such as quorum sensing inhibition and alternative therapies such as phage therapy and nanoparticle-based therapy are further being worked out.
