| 1 |
Author(s):
Muhammad usama , Shaista Jalbani .
Page No :
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The Public Health Significance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease:
Abstract
Abstract: Foot and mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. FMD has significant public health significance as it can affect animal and human health, cause economic losses, and affect food security. Firstly, FMD can have a significant impact on animal health and productivity. Infected animals often experience fever, blisters like sores on the mouth and feet, and lameness, resulting in reduced milk production, weight loss, and decrease meat quality. FMD can also lead to high mortality rates in young animals, particularly those that are unvaccinated. Secondly, FMD can have a significant economic impact on the livestock industry. Infected animals cannot be sold or moved, leading to trade restrictions, decreased market access, and low sale prices.
Keywords: Foot and Mouth Disease, Contagious, Public Health, Viral, FMDV, FMD.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Aneela Hussain, Ayesha Quddus, Abdul Raheem, Muhammad Zaid Khalil, Muhammad Zubair.
Page No :
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Ebola Virus as an Emerging Threat
Abstract
Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is a highly infectious ailment, caused by the Ebola virus. It is a zoonotic disease that can cause mortality up to 90%. Once the Ebola virus enters the host body, it suppresses the immune system and systemic indications, that include immediate inflammatory responses and multi-organ damage. Ebola virus can be transmitted mainly by contact with body fluids, aerosols, and sexual contact. Clinical signs and symptoms include myalgia, sore throat, anorexia, tachypnoea, fatigue, skin rashes, convulsions, and coma. The definitive or natural host for the Ebola virus is still unknown that’s why it doesn’t have any definitive treatment. Supportive and symptomatic treatment such as nutritional support by antibiotics or antimalarial drugs, are the only available options to treat Ebola hemorrhagic fever.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Baheej-un-Nisa, Fatima Khalid, Tahseen Yaqub, Bilal Hassan.
Page No :
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Rabies, Fatal yet Preventable
Abstract
Rabies is a viral zoonotic disease that proves highly fatal in its neurological form. However, a few cases have also been reported regarding recovery but with brain disabilities. As the disease progresses, signs and symptoms also get crucial (from non-specific to highly specific). Numerous transmission routes can be seen but dog bite is the most common among all. Multiple preventive measures can be used to lower the impact of disease but all are effective up to certain limits. Moreover, effective treatment of this disease is still under study due to multiple challenges such as lack of resources and pathogenic mechanisms.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Fakiha Alvi, Muhammad Zaid Khalil, Abdul Raheem.
Page No :
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Autohemotherapy for Canine Oral Papillomatosis
Abstract
Canine Oral Papillomatosis (COP) is a common and contagious viral disease of dogs caused by canine papillomavirus. It is characterized by the presence of warts on the oral cavity of dogs. Autohemotherapy (AHT) is of prime importance in cutaneous diseases like COP. It is used with conventional medication. In AHT, the small amount of blood is collected from the cephalic vein of the infected dog and injected subcutaneously near the base of oral warts or in muscles of the neck or hind-limb which stimulates the innate and adaptative immune response for complete removal of oral warts. Several case studies show different treatment protocols with different doses of injected blood for autohemotherapy which results in getting rid of oral warts of different sizes in different time durations.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Hafiz Abdul Moeed, Muhammad Tayyab Naveed, Muhammad Usama, Muhammad Hammad.
Page No :
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Stockholm Syndrome
Abstract
Stockholm Syndrome in simple words is the feeling of tenderness for the someone who was abuser. It is having the affectionate feeling for the person who harms us or tortured us mentally or physically. It is termed as the emotional bond that develops between the abuser and the person getting abused. The person getting abused feels emotional attachment and the affection of his abuser. Firstly, it was observed in 1937 in the individuals which were involved in the act of kidnapping and got kidnapped
| 6 |
Author(s):
Ayesha Quddus, Laiba Quddus, Aneela Hussain, Abdul Raheem, Muhammad Zaid Khalil.
Page No : 1-2
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Nipah Virus: An Overview
Abstract
Nipah virus is one of the deadliest viruses that pose a serious threat to the world due to its zoonotic importance. Nipah virus is an enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus that causes infection of the respiratory system and the central nervous system. It is mostly transmitted to humans through pigs which are its intermediate host. It replicates in endothelial, epithelial, neurons, and smooth muscle cells. This viral disease shows the symptoms of cough, fever, dizziness, and loss of consciousness. RT-PCR is the best technique for its diagnosis. Although many medicines and vaccines are under trial but are not approved till now for proper human use. Due to its evolving nature and the unavailability of suitable treatments, awareness should be raised among people to stop the spread of this virus.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Tehreem Nasir, Muhammad Zaid Khalil, Abdul Raheem.
Page No : 4-5
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Canine Parvovirus: Leading Cause of Fatality in Pups
Abstract
Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious viral disease of wild and domestic canids which is caused by Canine parvovirus type-2. The virus enters the host body through ingestion and replicates in the oropharynx from where it spreads to the other body’s organ via the bloodstream. The enteric form of the disease occurs due to the replication of the virus in intestinal crypts and it exhibits characteristic signs of acute hemorrhagic enteritis, foul-smelling bloody diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and ultimately leads to death. While cardiac form of the disease occurs due to scarring of the myocardium and is characterized by myocarditis and myocardial necrosis. Diagnosis of CPV is based on in-clinic assays and laboratory tests. Despite the provision of intensive care and rigorous supportive treatment, the survival rates of animals are still low. Control and prevention of disease is based on immunization via modified live vaccines but vaccine failure due to multiple reasons is also reported.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Hamna Aziz , Sidra Muhyuddin, Muhammad Adnan Sabir Mughal, Hammad Mustafa , Muhammad Usman .
Page No : 7-8
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The Role of Antioxidants in Human Health: Biochemical Insights
Abstract
Sies introduced the "oxidative stress," in 1980 by highlighting the imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants that contribute to chronic diseases. However, oxygen is essential for life involved in numerous biological processes, and can cause cellular damage through oxidative events. Mitochondria generates free radicals like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in their energy cycle which play dual roles in cellular functions. Antioxidants are present in both endogenous and exogenous forms and are vital in maintaining health by counteracting free radical damage. Carotenoids are a group of dietary antioxidants that are crucial for human health. Free radicals are produced through normal oxygen utilization and various environmental factors that may be beneficial and harmful. Therapeutically antioxidants reduce oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals like enzymatic (e.g., superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., vitamins) play critical roles. Dietary antioxidants obtained from plant compounds and metal ion complexes bolster antioxidant defence and are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and reducing oxidative challenges.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Ahmad Raza, AHMAD RAZA AHMAD RAZA, Ayesha Quddus, Aneela Hussain, Abdul Raheem, Muhammad Zaid Khalil.
Page No : 9-10
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Norovirus: An Overview
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is an enteric non-enveloped virus causing gastroenteritis across all age groups. Forty percent (40%) of all NoV outbreaks occur in long-term and acute-care facilities. Nosocomial settings set ideal environments for the transmission of NoV. It is transmitted by fecal-oral route by consumption of raw oysters and clams. Infection consequences in asymptomatic cases or gastrointestinal (GIT) sickness. Due to rapid modification, NoV divides into ten (10) genotypes and forty-nine (49) genotypes depending upon the complete amino acid sequencing of VP1 (viral protein) capsid protein and incomplete sequencing of RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase), respectively. The most important genotypes that lead to gastroenteritis in humans comprise GI-1 (infectious genotype 1) and GII-4 (infectious genotype 4). There are no fixed preventive measures and vaccines averse to NoV. Some regular implementations are utilized against it such as hand sanitization.
| 10 |
Author(s):
Nouman Tariq, Ahmad Raza, Ayesha Quddus, Baheej-un-Nisa, Abdul Raheem.
Page No : 12-13
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Prevalence of Congo Virus in Pakistan
Abstract
Congo virus is one of the major issues of livestock in Pakistan, especially during the last decade. It spreads through ticks present on infected animal hide. This virus is zoonotic in nature. It exists mostly in normal humidity. Many cities in Punjab, Pakistan have faced outbreaks because their environment is Congo-loving. It first came in Pakistan in 1976. Its mortality rate is 10 to 40%. It mainly attacks on immune cells of the host. People with poor immune systems are more susceptible. Head and joint pain along with fever are major signs of Congo. Congo virus works to control the processes of the host known as central carbon and energy metabolism. Antibody tests are used to diagnose Congo fever. There is no specific vaccine for the Congo virus. Hence precautionary measures are important.
| 11 |
Author(s):
Kanwal Tariq, Rao Zahid Abbas , Zohaib Saeed, Amina Hussain, Kashaf.
Page No : 14-15
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Jaundice: symptoms, causes, and treatments
Abstract
Jaundice is a complicated illness present in multiple animals and humans of almost all genders and ages. In jaundice, there is yellowing of the skin, eyeball, mucus membrane and a significant increase in bilirubin. Bilirubin is a product synthesized by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells or we can also say that it is the last product of heme metabolism. Jaundice is characterized in various forms which include pre-hepatic jaundice (because of excessive production of bilirubin), hepatic jaundice (because of a decrease in intake or less excretion of bilirubin and defect in conjugation), post-hepatic jaundice (because of hindrance in extrahepatic biliary passages between liver and duodenum). Symptoms of jaundice include fever, headache, nausea, liver problems, weakness, constipation, and yellowing of mucus membranes. The causes of jaundice may be acquired or congenital. High water intake and a low-fat diet can prevent jaundice. A mixture of immunoglobulins, phototherapy, supportive therapy, and interferons treats jaundice.
| 12 |
Author(s):
Muhammad Saim Arif, Muhammad Mahboob Ali Hamid, Abdul Raheem .
Page No : 16-17
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Impact of heat stress and strategies for its melioration in poultry production
Abstract
Poultry production is one of the rapidly growing sectors in the livestock industry. The major affecting factor for the poultry industry is heat stress. It occurs when the temperature of animals increases beyond a specific limit. It is found to be a significant cause of low productivity, reproductive performance, and economic losses in poultry. Several strategies have been adopted to alleviate the harmful impact of HS on poultry farming. Feeding management, water availability, thermal manipulation, and proper ventilation may prevent the poultry sector from heat stress.
| 13 |
Author(s):
Akhsveiaris, Muhammad Imran, Mariam Adnan, Akaash Masih, Muhammad Talha Tariq.
Page No : 18-19
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Management and Control of Mastitis
Abstract
Mastitis is a devastating disease in the dairy industry. The severity of mastitis depends upon its type and duration. It can either be caused by contagious pathogens or environmental pathogens. These pathogens enter the udder and cause toxicity which not only affects milk production but also the quality of milk. This disease has a worldwide impact affecting farmers economically. Several diagnostic approaches are used to evaluate mastitis, to control and manage this disease including somatic cell count and specific enzyme concentration in milk. This disease can be treated by using antibiotics and alternatives to antibiotics such as bacteriocin. Some modern approaches like vaccination (immunization) are also used as a pre-adaptive treatment of mastitis. Sometimes, genetic factors contribute to resistance against mastitis. We can also prevent the disease by adopting some techniques and methods. Mastitis is the most economically significant bacterial disease of dairy cattle. It needs further improvement in control to ensure the sustainability of dairy farming.
| 14 |
Author(s):
Muhammad Saim Arif, Muhammad Mahboob Ali Hamid, Abdulraheem Saeed, Muhammad Zaid Khalil.
Page No : 21-22
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Phytobiotics as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry
Abstract
In the poultry sector, the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter is widespread but these cause antimicrobial resistance in both humans and animals. The use of phytobiotics as an alternative approach is increasing as they are natural, harmless, and pure rather than synthetic antibiotics. They have positive effects when used as growth promoters, antimicrobials, antioxidants, and immunomodulators in poultry.
| 15 |
Author(s):
Muhammad Talha Tariq, Sarah Cecil, Mariam Adnan, Aryan Ashraf, Mairman Gul Nasar.
Page No : 23-24
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Impacts and Mitigation of heat stress on dairy animals
Abstract
Heat stress is one of the greatest challenges regarding productivity in dairy animals. Consistent elevation in global warming is one of its leading causes. Air temperature and high humidity are the climatic or thermal variables that play an integral role in it. Without a doubt, HS compromises feed intake and milk yield because of climatic variables. An increase in respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood flow rate is also noticed during conditions of heat stress leading to changes in the physiological conditions of dairy animals. In addition, modifications in acid-base chemistry and hormones are other factors of altered physiological conditions. Similarly, conception and reproduction efficiency of dairy animals are also affected. High temperature affects cellular functions in reproductive organs in dairy animals. As a result, conception and fertility rates could be lowered. In heat-stressed animals, heat tolerance can be achieved through physical modifications, nutritional management, and genetic selection. This article aims to highlight the effects of heat stress and remedies to overcome it.
| 16 |
Author(s):
Nimra Maheen, Ahmad Raza, Muhammad Zaid Khalil, Abdulraheem Saeed, Baheej-un-Nisa.
Page No : 25-26
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Silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent
Abstract
Ag-NPs meet the global demand for opening new doors to the development of antibacterial strategies in contrast to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Ag-NPs are ideal candidates for the emerging problems of resistance due to their excellent physio-chemical characteristics and targeted drug delivery system. They have been proven efficient in treating various types of bacterial infections in humans and animals. This article presents the use of Ag-NPs as antibacterial substances, their mechanism of action, and medical applications for the control of bacterial diseases.
| 17 |
Author(s):
Rao Zahid Abbas, Muqadas, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Abdullah Qureshi, Zuha Fatima, Muqadas, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Abdullah Qureshi, Zuha Fatima.
Page No : 27-28
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Bovine Brucellosis
Abstract
The aim of this extension article is to take an overview of brucellosis in bovines for general understanding. Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that has a major impact on animal welfare and the economy. Transmission of brucellosis from domestic and wild animals leads to the emergence of recent cases in native areas that change epidemiological dimensions. The consumption of raw milk is a major threat to the public health in areas of endemic importance. And international travel of humans and animals leads to outbreaks of brucellosis in new areas. So, continuous screening is essential to control the outbreaks. Control of this disease is possible by continuous diagnosis and then massive vaccination of the animals.
| 18 |
Author(s):
Hamna Aziz , Arshad Nawaz, Ahmad Ramzan Noor, Sibgha Shafqat, Maria Ashfaq.
Page No : 29-30
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The Role of Antioxidants in Skin Health and Disease Prevention
Abstract
The significant role of antioxidants in maintaining skin health and preventing disease is highlighted in recent research. However, the major contributor to synthesis of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is observed in Visible light (VL) exposure and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. These reactive species trigger a cascade of inflammatory responses, DNA damage, and melanogenesis. These reactive species can lead the skin in conditions like photoaging, dark spots, and melasma, particularly Fitzpatrick skin types. Both endogenous and exogenous antioxidants play a crucial role in counteracting these effects. Moreover, glutathione, α-tocopherol, vitamin C, and compounds like licochalcone are key oxidants That help to mitigate oxidative stress and maintain skin integrity. These antioxidants can defuse free radicals and back the skin’s natural defense mechanisms augmenting many protective effects. Thoughtful the relationship between oxidative stress and skin health can emphasize the status of antioxidant-rich skincare regimens and dietary supplements that prevent and manage skin damage caused by environmental factors.
| 19 |
Author(s):
Rao Zahid Abbas, Zuha Fatima, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Abdullah Qureshi, Muqadas.
Page No : 32-33
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Burn Wounds in Animals
Abstract
Burn is one of the most common types of wound seen all over the world. Burn wounds occur due to thermal, chemical, electric exposure or many other causes. It leads toward many other linked abnormalities like loss of skin or tissue function, immune system depression, metabolic changes, shock and even death. Severity of burn depends on site or area under damage. Wounds heal naturally by main four events hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and maturation. Some herbal products like honey, MEBO (Moist Environment Burn Ointment) and Aloe Vera have excellent wound healing properties. Currently many synthesized ointments are also available which prove super effective like silver sulfadiazine and ZnO ointment.
