| 1 |
Author(s):
Shameeran Salman Ismael, Wasan Madhat Yousif , Bland Husamuldeen Abdullaha.
Page No :
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Do you know the alarm bell for the antibiotic era is near the ring?
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become a global issue, with bacteria that have developed resistance killing thousands of people annually worldwide. This article aimed to learn about the post-antibiotic era. It found that we are now in the post-antibiotic era, which means no new antibiotics have been discovered, and the post-antibiotic era is coming soon, sadly.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Shameeran Salman Ismael, Sarmed Abdullah Ajeel , Sazan Faraj Mustafa, Sarmed Abdullah Ajeel.
Page No : 1-2
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The Journey from HIV to AIDS
Abstract
HIV infection, which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV. HIV is mostly spread by unprotected intercourse, contaminated hypodermic needles, infected blood transfusions, and mother-to-fetus transmission during pregnancy. HIV is a retrovirus primarily targeting CD4+ T-helper cells, accessory cells, and macrophages in human immune systems. HIV has three clinical phases including acute, chronic, and ADIS. This article aimed to highlight the HIV Virus.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Shameeran Salman Ismael.
Page No : 3-5
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Routine Parasitological Practice: Stool Examination
Abstract
A stool sample is used for the detection and identification of morphological stages of the protozoa and helminths (trophozoite, cyst, oocyst, egg, larvae, whole worm, or a segment of worm). There are several stool methods are used for the diagnosis of parasitic diseases which are divided first into macroscopic and microscopic stool methods. The microscopic stool methods are also divided into qualitative methods (Direct stool smear, concentrated flotation method, concentrated sedimentation method, Telmman method, Barman method, and copro-culture), which are used to know the type of parasite, and the quantitative stool method (MacMaster and stoll methods), are used to determine the No. of eggs/larvae in one gram of stool to determine the severity of infection. This article aimed to overview the routine stool methods used in the Parasitology Lab.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Hafiz Aftab Ahmed, Amir Shahzad.
Page No : 6-7
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Administration of Intrauterine Oxytetracycline during Early Pregnancy in Repeat Breeding Cattle: A Case Study
Abstract
To treat uterine infection, it is common practice to use intrauterine antibiotics, and oxytetracycline is the most widely used antibiotic worldwide for this purpose. However, there exist concerns about its safety if used during early pregnancy due to its nature that it can cross the placental barrier and cause developmental defects. This study describes the records of four cases of cattle presented during different periods with the complaint of repeat breeding. All animals had a history of multiple inseminations. Each animal was treated with 1.5 grams of intrauterine oxytetracycline after 17 ± 10 days of their last insemination. Post-treatment, none of the cattle exhibited estrus, and rectal palpation revealed that all were pregnant with viable fetuses. Pregnancy was confirmed 15 ± 15 days post-treatment and reconfirmed at 90 days of gestation. All cattle successfully delivered healthy calves.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Tasawar Iqbal, Nadeem Ahmed, Ume Salma, Sidra Altaf.
Page No : 9-11
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Overview of Camel Life
Abstract
Camels, large herbivorous mammals of the genus Camelus, are very adapted to survive in extreme environments, specially deserts. They have distinctive physical characteristics, such as humps that store fat, tolerating them to survive long periods without food or water. These animals play a important role in transport, trade and providing resources such as milk, meat and wool. Historically, camels simplified trade across the Silk Road, bridging cultures and economies. The geographic distribution of camels covers arid regions, with camels mostly in the Middle East and North Africa and humpback camels in Central Asia. The breeding season of camels is synchronized with the colder months, which confirms best conditions for the survival of the offspring. Camels' ability to succeed on occasional vegetation and their resistance to disease make them an essential part of human survival in severe climates. Vaccination and disease control actions are essential to maintain camel health and productivity in stimulating envir
