Author(s) :

Hamza Naeem, Arshan Shafqat, Zohaib Saeed.

Volume/Issue :

Abstract :

In bovines, lactation is a complicated physiological phenomenon that is governed by the hormones (prolactin, oxytocin, estrogen, progesterone) which coordinate the development of mammary glands, synthesis and ejection of milk. The udder, which consists of alveoli, ducts and cisterns, produces milk for approximately 305 days after parturition, and the colostrum supplies immunoglobulins that are life saving nutrients to newborns. Suckling triggers oxytocin release, which then causes milk to be discharged. It demands adequate milking frequency, nutrition and accentuate control for proper milking and then the optimum yield peaks 4-8 weeks after calving. Higher metabolic levels are needed during lactation, selective breeding and improved farming improve productivity. These mechanisms of hormonal and structural activities are very important in effective management of dairy and sustainable milk production

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