| 1 |
Author(s):
Syeda Fatima Hussain Bukhari1, Laraib Tahir, Abira Arshad, Insha Ashfaq.
Page No :
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AN OVERVIEW OF CONTAGIOUS CAPRINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA
Abstract
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia is a respiratory disease caused by bacteria Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony (Mmmlc) and mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (mmc). It can cause Sein Contactro Fibrinous Pleuropneumonia (CCPP). CCPP is a serious disease that destroys the flock of goat and sheep. Clinical symptoms of CCPP are critical respiratory distress and coughing issues. It is transmitted through contact, coughing and inhalation of infectious droplets. It causes high morbidity and mortality. CCPP is controlled by using vaccines and is diagnosed by PCR or serological testing.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Momina, Rais Ahmed, Atiya Rehman, Rimsha Mushtaq, Areeba Malik.
Page No : 2-3
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Caseous Lymphadenitis vs. Oedematous Skin Disease: Diagnostic Differentiation of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Abstract
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-positive intracellular pathogen that causes various disease forms in livestock the most common of which are caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) and oedematous skin disease (OSD). Despite the etiological agent causing both conditions, the conditions differ very much in terms of clinical presentation, lesion characteristics, disease progression and diagnostic need. CLA is normally a chronic suppurative but with lymph nodes and OSD is an acute disease caused by toxins with diffuse subcutaneous edema. Proper distinction between the two conditions is essential to proper management of the disease, epidemiological monitoring and effective administration of the correct control measures. This review indicates the microbiological, clinical characteristics as well as methods of diagnosis between CLA and OSD.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Mariam Fatima, Mariam Fatima.
Page No : 4-5
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Advances in Nonapeptides for Eco-friendly Insect Control
Abstract
Nonapeptides have gained attention as environmentally sustainable scaffold systems for insecticide development due to their inherent receptor selectivity and their suitability for structural modification to overcome the instability associated with natural neuropeptides. This review discusses recent progress in designing metabolically stable nonapeptide analogs through strategies such as backbone cyclization, incorporation of peptidomimetic side chains, and the development of antagonist scaffolds to improve binding affinity, target selectivity, and biological persistence. Advances in delivery systems (including plant-based and recombinant expression platforms, nanoencapsulation techniques, and amphiphilic formulations) are also examined as potential solutions to key challenges such as cuticle penetration, degradation in the hemolymph, and limited field stability. Within the framework of integrated pest management, nonapeptide-based approaches offer significant ecological and resistance-management advantages compared with conventional chemical insecticides. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, including optimizing the balance between biological potency and environmental safety, minimizing off-target interactions, and achieving scalable production for agricultural deployment. Future research should prioritize receptor-guided molecular design, detailed structure–activity relationship analysis, and improved formulation strategies to translate molecular insights into practical and environmentally responsible pest control tools.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Alishba Zahid, Rais Ahmed, Ghuffran Hussain, Abdul Rehman, Amna Anwar.
Page No : 6-7
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Skin and Lymph Node Pathogens in Small Ruminants: C. pseudotuberculosis compared with Staphylococcus aureus
Abstract
Small ruminants (sheep and goats) are prone to a wide range of bacterial pathogens which become localized to the skin, lymph nodes and deeper tissues. The most important ones include Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, the causative organism of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) and Staphylococcus aureus, a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen, which causes skin infections, lymph node abscessation, and mastitis. Although both are Gram-positive and can result in the development of abscession, C. pseudotuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous infection that is often characterized by chronic infection and loss of economy, whereas S. aureus is an acute suppurative infection usually accompanied by virulence factors like enterotoxin production and antibiotic resistance. This paper summarizes the pathogen biology, clinical disease, epidemiology, molecular virulence, host immune interactions, diagnostic features, challenges of treatment and control of disease, and provides similarities and critical differences in the importance of disease management in small ruminant populations.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Ali Raza, Umer Liaqat.
Page No : 8-10
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Biodiversity of Arthropods Associated with Canal Territories in Agroecological Zones of Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan
Abstract
The arthropod communities in Sheikhupura's canal territories exhibit significant diversity influenced by agricultural practices, vegetation composition, and hydrological conditions. These canal-associated ecosystems serve as critical biodiversity reservoirs within Pakistan's agricultural landscape, providing essential ecosystem services while facing multiple anthropogenic pressures that require targeted conservation strategies. Diptera and Coleoptera representing the most abundant orders across microhabitats. The present study provides insight into some common arthropods associated with canal territories of Sheikhupura, factors influencing arthropod biodiversity in canal agroecosystems and ecological significance and conservation challenges.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Esha Javed, Aleeza Ijaz, Malaika, Mamoonah Tahir, Dr. Asma Yawar, Moiza Noor.
Page No : 11-13
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Immunopathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Perspectives
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are a series of multifaceted conditions associated with loss of immune homeostasis, leading to self-inflicted destruction of self-tissues. The conditions arise from self-antigens mistakenly identified as foreign by the immune system, leading to chronic inflammatory responses, progressive tissue damage, and organ dysfunction. ADs like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) impact millions of people globally, and this is a developing issue in population health. These disorders have a multifactorial pathogenesis, involving a combination of genetically predisposed factors, environmental factors, hormonal factors, and immune regulatory deficiencies. Immune homeostasis is maintained by central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, which eliminate or suppress autoreactive T and B cells; when these mechanisms fail, autoimmune responses are driven by the survival of autoreactive T and B cells. Such immune abnormalities are linked to dysregulation of cytokine production, immune complex generation, complement activation (CA), and activation of chronic inflammatory signaling pathways.
Recent developments in immunology and molecular medicine have enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of ADs and led to improved diagnostic and treatment approaches. Serological biomarkers, especially antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (anti-dsDNA), rheumatoid factor (RF), and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP), will continue to play an important role in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease. Moreover, recent diagnostic methods, such as flow cytometry, molecular tests, and sophisticated imaging tools, have improved the ability to monitor immune deregulation and disease progression. The new strategies, such as multi-omics technologies, microRNA profiling, and genetic risk assessment, are offering new possibilities for early detection and personalized medicine. The review summarizes the immunopathogenesis of major ADs and outlines existing diagnostic perspectives and new strategies to improve disease management and therapeutic outcomes.
