| 1 |
Author(s):
Shameeran Salman Ismael, Roz Adil Mohammed, Soz Adil Mohammed, Yousef Ahmed Abdalkareem, Falah Khalid Sulaiman.
Page No :
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Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Duhok, Iraq
Abstract
About half of the world's population has Helicobacter pylori infection, which is still a major public health concern. Early detection and treatment are essential to stopping the spread of infection since it causes various stomach diseases, such as inflammation, gastroduodenal ulcers, and cancers. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Duhok City, Iraq. A cross-sectional study was done among 209 samples that were collected from the Vin Private Hospital, Duhok, Iraq. Both the ELISA stool antigen test and the urea breath test were used in this study; the infection rate was higher in females than in males, with an infection rate of 46.4% for the ELISA test and 51.8% for the urea breath test. In order to avoid issues and the emergence of stomach cancer, it is essential to get rid of Helicobacter pylori infections as soon as possible.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Qamar Abbas, Abdur Rasheed, Syed Qasim Shah, Ashiq Hussain.
Page No : 1-2
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Nipah virus: Transmission Dynamics, Epidemiology, Clinical Features and Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is the causative agent of Nipah viral disease, which belongs to the genus Henipavirus and is a zoonotic virus. This newly emerging Biosafety level-4 pathogen can cause fatal encephalitis and other respiratory infections. From its natural host (fruit bats), its ability to spread from animals to humans and then person to person and its high fatality rate make it a severe threat to global health. The Nipah virus has been associated with multiple outbreaks, it was named Nipah because the first case of NiV was reported in 1998 from Kampung Sungai Nipah Village of Malaysia. This article aimed to provide an overview of the transmission, epidemiology, symptoms, control strategies, advances in diagnostics and treatments from the recent investigations on NiV.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Rahat Naheed , Sidra Altaf, Tasawar Iqbal.
Page No : 3-5
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Drug Resistance in Herpes Simplex Virus: Challenges and Future Antiviral Strategies
Abstract
The herpes simplex viruses (HSV 1 and 2) are among the most common infectious agents in the world causing recurrent mucocutaneous disease, neonatal infections, and serious infections in individuals with compromised immune systems. While nucleoside analogues including acyclovir are the mainstays of treatment, the emergence of drug-resistant HSV strains primarily caused by mutations in viral thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase has created a number of profound clinical challenges. Drug resistance results in prolonged disease durations, failed treatment courses, and increased costs to the healthcare system. This problem is especially significant for high-risk populations. Rapid detection of resistance mutations is possible through current advances in molecular diagnostics (e.g., PCR-based assays and next generation sequencing), thus facilitating personalized pharmacotherapy. In addition, novel therapeutic strategies (helicase-primase inhibitors, peptide entry inhibitors, CRISPR/Cas gene editing, RNA interference, nanotechnology-based drug delivery) represent promising potential solutions that may provide novel alternatives to current therapies.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Abdul Basit, Safdar Hassan , Muhammad Sharif, Ahmad raza.
Page No : 6-7
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Influence of Dietary Selenium on Performance on Broiler Chickens”
Abstract
An important trace mineral, selenium (Se) is vital for poultry's immune system, antioxidant defense, and general physiological function. The impact of dietary selenium supplementation on broiler chicken development performance is assessed in this study. A total of broiler chicks were divided into treatment groups at random and given basal diets supplemented with varied amounts and sources of selenium, such as organic (selenium yeast) and inorganic (sodium selenite). Throughout the trial, growth performance metrics such body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded. In comparison to the control group, the results show that selenium supplementation, especially in organic form, greatly enhanced body weight gain and feed efficiency. Increased glutathione peroxidase activity in birds with optimum selenium levels demonstrated improved antioxidant state and decreased oxidative stress. Furthermore, broiler health and immunological response were enhanced by selenium supplementation.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Safdar Hassan, Muhammad Sharif, Ahmad Raza, Abdul Basit, Abdul Mohsin.
Page No : 8-9
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Impact of dietary supplements on immune response on poultry
Abstract
The use of herbal dietary supplements in poultry nutrition has gained increasing attention as a natural and safe alternative to synthetic growth promoters and antibiotics. This study evaluates the impact of herbal-based dietary supplementation on the immune response of poultry. Various medicinal plants and plant-derived compounds, such as garlic (Allium sativum), green tea, turmeric (Curcuma longa), ginger (Zingiber officinale), Lavender and neem (Azadirachta indica), are incorporated into poultry diets at different inclusion levels to assess their immunomodulatory effects. The findings indicate that herbal supplements significantly enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses in poultry. Birds receiving herbal additives showed increased antibody titers against common vaccines, improved lymphoid organ development, and enhanced activity of immune-related enzymes. Additionally, herbal nutrition contributed to improved gut health and microbial balance, which further supports immune function. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of these phytogenic compounds help reduce oxidative stress and improve disease resistance.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Shameeran Salman Ismael, Aya Majid Abdulrahman , Lolav Azad Hasan , Sheler Ramadhan Rasheed , Nourhanne Zaki Sulaiman .
Page No : 10-11
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Soil-transmitted helminth infections (STH): what they are and why they matter
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths remain highly prevalent in many low‑resources tropical areas, driven by poor sanitation and hygiene. They mainly infect children and marginalized populations, causing chronic anemia, growth and cognitive deficits. Large-scale deworming programs have reduced morbidity and prevalence in several countries, but rapid reinfection and environmental contamination mean that long-term control and possible elimination require a combination of regular deworming, improved WASH, community behavior change, and—in some settings—a broader One Health focus including animal reservoirs. This article aimed to know more about soil transmitted helminth infections and their impacts
| 7 |
Author(s):
Bland Husamuldeen Abdullah, Shameeran Salman Ismael, Darya Salman Ismael, Samya Ismail Suliman , Areen Sardar Fizullaha, Dlveen Salah Salim .
Page No : 13-14
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Isolation and Identification of pathogens from High Vaginal Swab of Women visiting Duhok Maternity Hospital
Abstract
The distribution of normal, aberrant, and Candida-associated microorganisms as well as the isolation of pathogenic bacteria are the main topics of this study, which reports the microbiological profile of high vaginal swabs taken from 100 women. Normal microorganisms accounted for 51.0% (51/100), aberrant microorganisms for 27.0% (27/100), and Candida spp. for 22.0% (22/100), indicating a significant amount of non-commensal or opportunistic flora. Enterococcus faecalis was the most common bacterial isolate (19/27, 70.3%) among the 27 culture-positive cases, followed by Escherichia coli (4/27, 14.0%), Staphylococcus spp. (3/27, 11.0%), and Klebsiella sp. (1/27, 3.7%). These results demonstrate the significant contribution of Candida species and E. faecalis to the vaginal microbiota, indicating a high prevalence of pathogenic and opportunistic organisms that may have consequences for antibiotic stewardship and clinical care. This study was conducted to evaluate high vaginal abnormalities, and the most common bacteria was E. faecalis it shows high sensitivity to (linezolid) antibiotic
| 8 |
Author(s):
Maira Akram, Fiza Masood, Rukhsana Yousaf, Mushtaq Siddique, Muhammad Yasir Malik.
Page No : 15-17
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Genome-Wide and Bioinformatics Insights into DREB2A-Mediated Drought Stress Responses in Brassica Species
Abstract
One of the significant environmental stressors that reduce plant growth and agricultural productivity is drought stress which occurs mainly in economically significant crops like Brassica species. Dehydration-Responsive Element Binding Protein 2A (DREB2A) is an important protein that helps in the regulation of plant reactions to drought through the regulation of stress-inducible gene transcription. This review provides an overview of drought stress responses in Brassica species, including major physiological and molecular adaptations to drought stress that contribute to stress tolerance. A particular attention is paid to the structure, classification, and functional value of the DREB gene family and the role of DREB2A and its effects on the activation of downstream protection. DREB2A genes in the genomes of Brassica juncea and Brassica rapa are also identified and bioinformatics tools are used to analyze sequences, phylogenetic relationships, characterize proteins, analyze promoters and do gene expression profiling. These genome-wide understanding can be used in the development of drought resistant Brassica varieties and sustainable crop improvement strategies.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Esha Javed, Aleeza Ijaz, Malika, Saneha Parvaiz, Fatima Kamran, Moiza Noor.
Page No : 18-20
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Advances in Vaccine Immunology: Mechanisms of Immune Activation and Long-Term Protection
Abstract
The field of vaccine immunology has greatly improved infectious disease prevention and control by providing insights into how vaccines induce protective immunity. Vaccines work by imitating natural infections, thus priming the innate and adaptive immune responses without disease. This includes the recognition, processing of antigens by antigen-presenting cells, and activation of T and B lymphocytes, which results in the production of pathogen-specific antibodies and the establishment of immune memory. Contemporary vaccine technologies, such as live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, viral vector, and mRNA vaccines, have varying immunologic mechanisms of action and associated benefits and challenges. Adjuvants also play a crucial role in enhancing vaccine responses through activation of the innate immune system and enhanced antigen presentation. But immune responses can vary widely following vaccination due to age, genetic background, nutrition, and co-infections. The future of vaccines lies in new technologies, such as nucleic acid–based vaccines and novel adjuvants, which allow for rapid response, targeted immune responses, and protection against diverse pathogens. This review emphasizes the critical mechanisms of immune activation, factors contributing to long-term protection, and the future of vaccine development for global health.
