| 1 |
Author(s):
Aqsa Shahid, Alishbah Roobi, Wania Nasir, Hina Pervaiz, Ayesha Waris, Rida Sarwar.
Page No : 1-3
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Endothelial Dysfunction: The Physiological Gateway to Heart Disease
Abstract
The physiological basis of endothelial dysfunction has long been understood as an early physiological derangement which lies at the root of cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression. It aimed to understand the physiology, clinical implications, and treatment of endothelial dysfunction. It had been found that deficits in nitric oxide (NO) availability, oxidative stress, and inflammation and eNOS dysfunction had been part of the process leading to vascular injury, atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Clinical evidence has revealed endothelial dysfunction prior to the development of CVD and its association with a high risk of CHD, stroke and cardiovascular incidents. These diagnostic techniques, such as flow-mediated dilation and endothelial biomarkers, had helped in identifying early risks, and lifestyle and pharmacologic approaches had helped enhance endothelial function.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Bisma Eman, Maryam Shahzadi, Muhammad Areeb Zahid, Hafiza Noor Fatima, Own Nasir.
Page No : 4-6
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MASTITIS: A MAJOR CHALLENGE IN DAIRY HERD
Abstract
Mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium bovis, Mycoplasma sp, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae leads to severe economic losses, both direct and indirect. It is not only an economic concern but also a significant animal welfare issue because it causes pain, inflammation, and reduced productivity. Milk produced by a mammary gland affected by clinical mastitis is useless in dairy production and should be discarded. It is responsible for approximately 60–70% of antimicrobial drug use in dairy animals. These bacteria multiply and produce toxins that cause injury to the milk-secreting tissue, in addition to physical trauma and chemical irritants. External infections weaken the internal udder defence. Current mastitis treatment relies on antibiotics. Effective vaccines can also reduce the incidence of mastitis, thereby effectively reducing antibiotic use. This article highlights the epidemiology of mastitis, risk factors, and economic impact of mastitis in dairy animals with emphasis on prevalence and management practices.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Zoha Imran, Areej Sultana, Sawera Sajjad, Usama Saleem, Muhammad Zaeem Iftikhar.
Page No : 7-8
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BT COTTON: ENHANCING SUSTAINABLE COTTON PRODUCTION THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) is a significant cash crop on which millions of farmers rely for their lives as well as the advancement of agriculture and industry. Sustainable cotton production has been severely reduced by bollworm infestations and farmers' over-reliance on chemical insecticides. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a beneficial soil bacterium whose genes are used to develop insect-resistant crops by producing cry proteins. Scientists transfer the gene responsible for producing these proteins into the cotton plant. As a result, a genetically modified plant continuously produces the Bt protein in its tissues. The target insect, bollworm, feeds on the plant and ingests the Bt protein. In the insect's alkaline gut, this protein becomes active and damages the insect's gut lining. Resultantly, the insect stops feeding and dies. In this article, the concept, varieties, mechanism of action, and process of Bt cotton, which selectively target insect pests while reducing the need for frequent insecticide applications, are highlighted.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Khadija Waseem, Muhammad Ahsan, Hammad Rasool, Usama Saleem, Muhammad Ahmad.
Page No : 9-10
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NANOTECHNOLOGY IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: ROLE OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN WHEAT PRODUCTION
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an encouraging technique for growing agricultural viability and efficiency. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) play an important role among all other nanoparticles because these particles have special chemical properties like a large surface area, balance, and biological compatibility. By seeing their performance in plants’ roots, shoots, photosynthesis, mineral and nutrient uptake, seed germination, and resilience against adverse weather conditions, AuNPs have become an innovation in sustainable wheat production. Moreover, several other types of nanoparticles are also used in agriculture and present the principles of nanotechnology. AuNPs can properly increase the production of wheat, improve resource efficiency, and reduce the use of traditional agrochemicals by killing wheat pests, efficient nutrient delivery, and crop monitoring. However, the use of nanoparticles faces several challenges because they can contaminate water, soil, or the atmosphere, which poses a major health risk to farmers and limits the use of nanopesticides and nanofertilizers in agriculture. In this article, we will mainly discuss the fundamentals and types of nanoparticles and the mechanism of action of AuNPs in crop protection.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Maryam Manzoor, Nimra Shafique, Bisma Hanif, Malik Abdul Ahad, Rabia Kanwal, Maham Sanwar.
Page No : 11-12
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Clostridium perfringens in Poultry: Current Challenges and Future Directions
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium. It is one of the most important bacterial pathogens in poultry worldwide. It is the main cause of necrotic enteritis, a disease that damages the intestines, reduces nutrient absorption, slows bird growth, and causes major economic losses to the poultry industry. Several predisposing factors and bacterial toxins, including NetB, alpha toxin, perfringolysin O, β2 toxin, and TpeL, influence disease development. Modern molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis have improved the detection and identification of harmful strains of C. perfringens. However, the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has reduced the effectiveness of antibiotics. As a result, alternative control methods such as probiotics, bacteriocins, phage lysins, better biosecurity, and the responsible use of antibiotics are becoming increasingly important. This article discusses the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, economic losses, current challenges, and future strategies for the prevention and control of C. perfringens infections in poultry.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Aleeza Maqbool, Ayesha Sajjad, Hafiza Sehar shakoor, Sadia Naz, Rimsha Amjad.
Page No : 13-14
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Diabetes Mellitus: Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Associated Complications
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic, progressive metabolic disorder that demands a multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach. The distinction between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), based on pathophysiology and therapeutic requirements, guides initial management, but both types share the common goal of maintaining glycemia as close to normal as safely possible while minimizing treatment burden and hypoglycemia risk. Advances in glucose monitoring technology, insulin delivery systems, and cardio-renal protective pharmacotherapy have transformed the therapeutic landscape. Nevertheless, the cornerstone of effective diabetes care remains early detection, structured education, lifestyle intervention, and systematic surveillance for complications. With appropriate management, individuals with diabetes can achieve near-normal life expectancy and quality of life, underscoring the importance of translating pathophysiologic understanding into practical, evidence-based clinical care.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Hannia, Asad Razaq, Ahmad Jawad Khan, Gamshad Ali Jamali, Muhammad Younas Ishaq.
Page No : 15-16
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PRESERVING SEEDS FOR THE FUTURE AND THE DOOMSDAY VAULT FOR SEEDS
Abstract
Seed conservation protects crops from climate change and habitat loss. When weather gets extreme, plants can’t adapt, and farms lose yield. Seed banks store plant genes for future farming and restoration work. There are more than 1750 individual gene banks and approximately 2500 botanical gardens worldwide, collectively storing over 7.4 million accessions with intentional redundancy built into storage. Local community seed banks help farmers protect plant variety and share seeds. Wild sourcing of seed can result in further loss of biodiversity and habitat, especially if unmanaged, thereby making seed supply unpredictable from year to year. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault provides a form of insurance by preserving genetic material for future use. Future tools like AI and biotech will make seed work faster and fit new climates.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Hafiza Noor Fatima, Asad Razaq, Zabia faisal.
Page No : 17-18
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RABIES: A HIDDEN THREAT EXPLORING DISEASE DYNAMICS AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES
Abstract
Rabies is a highly lethal viral zoonotic disease with significant mortality worldwide. Lyssaviruses, members of the family Rhabdoviridae, are primarily transmitted through the bite or saliva of infected animals. It is highly fatal in warm-blooded animals due to involvement of the CNS, five structural protein virus and causing acute progressive encephalitis. The incubation period varies greatly and depends on the depth of the wound. There is no effective treatment once the clinical signs appear. Effective rabies management requires immediate wound cleansing, followed by timely pre-exposure and post-exposure vaccination when needed. Recent advances have improved vaccine safety and immunogenicity through the development of embryo vaccines, modified live vaccines, tissue culture vaccines, cell culture vaccines, and inactivated vaccines, enhancing the safety and effectiveness of rabies prevention. This article provides a comprehensive overview of rabies, its pathogenesis and emphasizes the importance of early prevention, effective vaccination, and continued research for global rabies elimination.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Muhammad Ahmad Nasir, Rabia Munir, Jwaria Shakeel, Muhammad Areeb Zahid, Muhammad Wassaf.
Page No : 19-20
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Comparison of the Effects of Zinc-Methionine and Nano-Zinc Oxide Supplementation in Dairy Cows
Abstract
Zinc is one of the most abundant trace minerals, which are required by the body to maintain good health due to its role in multiple processes. There is a comparison between Nano-particle ZnO(NP-ZnO) and Zinc-Methionine(Zn-Met), which are two different forms of zinc supplementation. There is a discussion on the effects of these zinc forms on the haematological parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde(MDA), oxidative stress management, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health, and milk production. Furthermore, the future aspects of zinc supplements in the udder health and reproductive health by improving the hormonal imbalance are discussed.
| 10 |
Author(s):
Rana Muhammad Shahbakht, Zubair Azhar Nomi, Muhammad Zeeshan Anwar, Shehryaar Shahid, Muhammad Rehan.
Page No : 21-22
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Precision Livestock Farming (PLF): A Future of Dairy and Livestock Farming in Pakistan
Abstract
Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) is a rapidly evolving management strategy for livestock that brings together engineering, animal science, information technology and artificial intelligence (AI) to enable continuous, automated and personalized management of livestock. Instead of relying on traditional herd management, PLF uses wearable sensors and biosensors, computer vision, the Internet of Things (IoT), and robotics and machine learning algorithms to provide real-time data on animal health, behavior, reproduction, productivity and environmental conditions. These technologies help to detect disease early, monitor animals' reproductive status, assess their welfare status and also aid in management of feed and water – all of which enhance production efficiency with fewer labour hours, less environmental impact and fewer antimicrobials. In the dairy and livestock sectors, the implementation of PLF has been gaining momentum due to rising global awareness about food security, climate change, antimicrobial resistance, and animal welfare. Still, even with great technological advances, the implementation has been limited in many developing nations due to the cost of investments, lack of digital infrastructure, lack of interoperability between technologies, and lack of technical expertise. The potential for further advancements in precision livestock management and more sustainable and resilient animal production systems through integration of multimodal sensing, predictive analytics, edge computing and digital phenotyping is expected in the future. The scientific development of Precision Livestock Farming is summarized, its technological background and applications are discussed and opportunities and challenges for the future are pointed out, especially in the context of developing livestock production systems.
| 11 |
Author(s):
Huzaila Mudassar, Muhammad Talha Aziz, Mohammed Abdulmoeed, Dr Umar Khaliq, Ahmad Raza.
Page No : 23-24
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AMR IN VETERINARY MEDICINE: A GROWING THREAT TO ANIMALS AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to world health – this is when microbes become resistant to the medicines that are used to stop them from working. This study is a One Health approach to the evolution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans, animals, wildlife, and the environment. The overuse of antibiotics accelerates the processes of spontaneous mutation and horizontal gene transfer (conjugation, transduction, and transformation) by bacteria that help them become resistant. Food-producing animals have used antibiotics to stimulate growth and ward off disease for years, and in the poultry and dairy industries, the bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics and have spread to meat, milk, and even insects. Companion animals are also becoming more multidrug-resistant due to the extensive use of their treatments, and the presence of resistant genes and organisms in the wildlife and environmental reservoirs, including wastewater and agricultural runoff. The implications are serious, with zoonotic diseases, reduced treatment options, and significant economic losses to the agriculture and healthcare industries. There is global action needed to address AMR, such as the Global Action Plan by WHO, which focuses on surveillance, awareness, infection prevention, and sensible use of antimicrobials. The study concludes that there is no single sector that can tackle this complex problem alone and, therefore, that cooperation between veterinarians, doctors, farmers, and environmental scientists is required to combat AMR on an ongoing basis.
| 12 |
Author(s):
Amna Baig, Abdul Hanan, Maryam Fatima, Iqra Azeem, Ume Aeman.
Page No : 25-26
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Role of Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition: Advancing Animal Performance and Productivity
Abstract
Expression of good behavior and production requires an adequate supply of nutrients. Inadequate nutrition affects animal health, welfare, and production performance. Additives to feed improve the quality of feed, animal performance and health. Feed additives promote the growth of animals, minimize the risk of diseases, and fulfill the nutritional demands of animals. These are classified as technological, sensory, nutritional, zootechnical, coccidiostats, and histomonostats according to rules set out by the European Commission. Various categories of feed additives include minerals, vitamins, enzymes, antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics.
The aim of writing this article is to give a thorough summary of role that adequate nutrients and feed additives play in preserving animal health and performance. This article highlights the relationship between nutrition, feed quality, and animal performance such as growth rate, production, reproduction, immune system function, and disease resistance.
| 13 |
Author(s):
Iqra Asghar, Sonia Qurban, Maria Qandeel, Laiba Sabir, Dua Noor.
Page No : 27-28
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The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Depression Management
Abstract
Depression is a mental disorder with long-term sadness, loss of interest in activities, and low energy. This led researchers to focus on nutritional factors, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) known as a complementary approach for managing depression. Omega-3, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can improve mood through interconnected pathways, such as reducing brain inflammation (by lowering arachidonic acid (AA) in cell membranes, which produces inflammatory chemicals), reducing oxidative stress, and supporting neurotransmitter function. Clinical trials, as shown in meta-analyses, indicate that a 1-2 g daily dose of omega-3, especially with 60% EPA, yields good results in lowering depressive symptoms when combined with antidepressants. Results are particularly high for patients with inflammatory markers present in the brain. However, outcomes are not consistent due to differences in dosages, trial design, and formulation. Collectively, omega-3s show effective, low-risk, evidence-based adjuncts in depression management but with a combination of antidepressants.
| 14 |
Author(s):
Hafsa Saleem, Sana Sehar, Amna Baig, Muhammad Jawad, Muhammad Zeeshan Shamir, Ahmad Raza.
Page No : 29-30
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ANTIBIOTIC USE IN POULTRY: EFFECTS ON HEALTH, PRODUCTION AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
Abstract
Antibiotics are valuable therapeutic tools in poultry production that can be used to control bacterial infections and maintain poultry health and productivity. However, when antimicrobials are used inappropriately, microbial balance in the intestine can be upset, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can be promoted, and concerns can be raised about antibiotic residues, food safety and public health. This article addresses the impact of antibiotic use on poultry health, production, gut microbiome and AMR, food safety, alternatives to antibiotics and antimicrobial stewardship. Effective treatment can minimize losses and disease; however, unnecessary and repeated exposure could affect the microbial balance and favor resistant bacteria. Proper antibiotic use as part of a One Health strategy is critical to ensure optimal productivity of poultry and antimicrobial efficacy.
| 15 |
Author(s):
Quratulain, Muhammad Yaseen, Iftikhar Ahmed Shaikh, Mahnoor Imran, Areeba Nafeed.
Page No : 31-32
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The Silent Epidemic: Why low back pain is rising among young adults and how we can prevent it
Abstract
According to the records, 80 to 90% of people suffer from LBP. It is becoming increasingly common among young adults and it is spreading and becoming a public health concern. It is increasing day by day just because of a poor and sedentary lifestyle, a lack of physical activity, obesity, and poor posture. It can be prevented by managing lifestyle, improving daily habits, regular exercise, and a healthy diet. Basically, LBP is a discomfort between the lower ribs and the glutes. It can feel like a dull ache or a sharp sting, and it makes moving or standing straight hard. LBP causes include disc injuries, impaired posture, muscular weakness, and some other diseases like arthritis, osteoporosis, spondylitis, etc. Early diagnosis and management can save us from chronic pain; non-specific LBP can be managed with manual therapies(heat, massage, acupuncture, spinal adjustment through chiropractic techniques) and exercise therapies, rest, and medication.
| 16 |
Author(s):
Shameeran Salman Ismael, Iman Farsat Yousif, Lava Dedar Mohammad .
Page No : 33-34
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Latent toxoplasmosis and neuropsychobehavioral
Abstract
Latent Toxoplasma gondii infection affects about one-third of the global population and, although long considered asymptomatic in immunocompetent people, is increasingly linked to psychological, behavioral, cognitive, and psychiatric outcomes. Evidence across reviews, meta-analyses, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies indicates that seropositivity is associated most consistently with schizophrenia, and also with obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and some other psychiatric presentations, although effect sizes and consistency vary by disorder and study design. An overview of the relationship between latent toxoplasmosis and psychology is the goal of this article.
