Author(s) :

Warda Qamar, Ansa Shahid.

Volume/Issue :

Abstract :

Plasmodium has a significant impact on wildlife biodiversity, evolution, and conservation. There are more than 100 species of Plasmodium that infect both humans and animals and cause the disease malaria. The Plasmodium parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes (Anopheles) and causes infections in birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and several others. The infection leads to fevers, anemia, organ damage, and even death. As different host species are susceptible to infection to various degrees, some develop immunity while others do not. 35 different Plasmodium species are recognized as legitimate species. The three species of P. gallinaceum, P. juxtanucleare, and P. durae are most dangerous to poultry. A variety of wild bird species are susceptible to infection by the P. relictum protozoan parasites, the source of avian malaria. Plasmodium needs both vertebrate host and invertebrate vector to complete their life cycle. In wild animal Plasmodium life cycle take place through different phases. When an infected mosquito bites a wild animal and injects sporozoites into its circulation, the lifecycle of the parasite begins. The animal’s liver is where these sporozoites move, reproduce, and give rise to thousands of merozoites. Male and female gametocytes are produced by a few merozoites. Male and female gametocytes combine inside the stomach of the mosquito to generate zygotes, which then grow into ookinetes. Many studies have been carried out to understand the Pathogen-host connection, ecology, epidemiology, and climate change effect on Plasmodium. Plasmodium infection can be controlled by using strategies such as Immunization, Monitoring, Habitat management techniques, and Management of the host. It's essential to manage the mosquito population to stop the Plasmodium from spreading. Insecticides or biological control strategies can also be used to achieve this.

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