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At least five times larger atomic weights and densities than those of water are found in heavy metals. Their numerous applications in technology, agriculture, medicine, industry and the home have caused them to become widely dispersed throughout the ecosystem, posing questions about their possible consequences for the environment and human health. Most habitats are contaminated due to the release of raw sewage waste, industrial effluents, and other contaminants that disrupt target species' survival and physiological functions. A high concentration of metals in polluted soil can lead to a decline in soil quality and even poison the food chain. Heavy metals affect all animal types and ecological processes, including microbiological activity. Because living species have a greater ability for bioaccumulation than other organisms, the bioaccumulation of trace elements in them and their biomagnifications depict the processes and pathways of these contaminants from one tropic level to another.
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