Author(s) :

Noor Haider, Madiha Sarfaraz, Maryium Zahid, Minha batool, Rao Zahid Abbas, Saleha Tahir.

Volume/Issue :

Abstract :

Staphylococcus aureus usually infects the human skin and nasopharynx. It could result in a variety of diseases that harm the skin, soft tissues, endovascular sites, and internal organs. Considering its elevated rates of morbidity and mortality, S. aureus remains an important pathogen as a part of both the community and hospitals. Globally, S. aureus is the most frequent cause of skin infections, irrespective of the patient's age, location, or environment. The primary clinical signs of skin disease can be attributed to a few toxins that the bacteria generate. The main toxins linked to most S. aureus-related dermatological complaints include enterotoxins, also exfoliatin (ETs), Panton Valentine leucocidin (PVL), and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). The most frequent cause of osteomyelitis, or infection of the bone, is bacterial pathogen invasion of the skeleton. Bacterial osteomyelitis is exceedingly difficult to treat, partly because the main causative agent, the Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus, is extensively resistant to antibiotics. Pathological bone remodeling brought on by bacterial osteomyelitis results in the sequester of infectious foci from systemically administered antimicrobials and innate immune effectors. Therefore, extended courses of antibiotics combined with surgical debridement of necrotic diseased tissues are usually used to treat osteomyelitis. Many people continue to experience persistent infections or illness comorbidities despite these drastic efforts.

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