Author(s) :

Muhammad Tariq, Muhammad Muazim Sharif, Muhammad Naeem, Ifrah Tahir, Sofia Qasim.

Volume/Issue :

Abstract :

Heavy metal toxicity has been proven to be a serious risk, and it is associated with several health issues. Heavy metals bioaccumulate in living organisms, they contaminate the food chain and may threaten animals. Heavy metal contamination sources are automobiles, groundwater, animal feed, fertilizers, paints and industries. The nephrotoxic effects of As, Cd and Pb are well known and high levels of naturally occurring atmospheric metals as occupational populations with high exposures have been linked to kidney impairment.

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19