Author(s) :

Hamna Aziz , Sidra Muhyuddin, Muhammad Adnan Sabir Mughal, Hammad Mustafa , Muhammad Usman .

Volume/Issue :

Abstract :

Sies introduced the "oxidative stress," in 1980 by highlighting the imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants that contribute to chronic diseases. However, oxygen is essential for life involved in numerous biological processes, and can cause cellular damage through oxidative events. Mitochondria generates free radicals like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in their energy cycle which play dual roles in cellular functions. Antioxidants are present in both endogenous and exogenous forms and are vital in maintaining health by counteracting free radical damage. Carotenoids are a group of dietary antioxidants that are crucial for human health. Free radicals are produced through normal oxygen utilization and various environmental factors that may be beneficial and harmful. Therapeutically antioxidants reduce oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals like enzymatic (e.g., superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., vitamins) play critical roles. Dietary antioxidants obtained from plant compounds and metal ion complexes bolster antioxidant defence and are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and reducing oxidative challenges.

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