Author(s) :

Ehsanullah, Dr. Zubair Ahmed, Niaz Muhammad, Asmat Ullah, Muhammad Masood.

Volume/Issue :

Abstract :

Vaccination plays an important role in maintaining the health and productivity of calves. It prevents infectious diseases, which are the main causes of economic losses in the livestock industry. A strategic vaccination program is necessary for effective disease management. This article highlights a comprehensive vaccination schedule for calves, explaining the types of vaccines administered, their mode of action, and the prevention of diseases. The vaccination schedule includes vaccines for diseases such as Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Clostridial diseases, Foot and Mouth disease, Lumpy Skin Disease, and Brucellosis.Various types of vaccines, including killed, live attenuated, subunit, toxoid, and emerging mRNA vaccines, are discussed in relation to their immunological response and practical applications. The analysis includes the route of administration, booster dose requirements for enhanced immunity, and the efficacy of each vaccine. The application of a well-planned vaccination program minimizes economic losses, improves herd health, and reduces disease prevalence. This article presents a detailed guide for veterinarians, researchers, and livestock farmers to enhance calf vaccination protocols for sustainable livestock productivity.

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