Author(s) :

Rustam Ali Balouch , Zohaib Saeed .

Volume/Issue :

Abstract :

These are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites, and ticks constitute a major risk in the transmission of various pathogens that are a serious risk to human and animal health. Transmission of a broad range of disease-causing agents, i.e., viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths, is believed to contribute to their pathogenicity. The effects of ticks can be severe in terms of morbidity and mortality and economic costs, especially in the agricultural or livestock areas. The tick-host-pathogen relationship is complicated and dynamic, and ticks are known to be immunosuppressive and modulatory, which allows them to feed on hosts longer and facilitate pathogen infection. The vector distribution of tick-borne pathogens, such as transstadial and transovarial distribution of pathogens, ensures the perpetuation and widespread distribution of a pathogen. The biological, ecological, and molecular foundations related to tick pathogenicity are extremely important to realize the potential effective tick control strategies and reduce the burden of such diseases in any region of the world. Such information can provide innovative ways of preventing and controlling tick-borne disease.

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