Articles

Almost 60-70 % of newly discovered infectious diseases start in animals, viral zoonotic diseases are among the biggest threats to global health. Cross-species transmission enables pathogens to move between different species and creating new reservoirs targeting outbreaks in humans and domestic animals. This process is fueled by ecological disruption, agricultural intensification, viral evolution, and wildlife trade. The mechanism allowing viral spillover are examined in this review including host-pathogen interactions, genetic adaptation and environmental interfaces involving wildlife, livestock, and humans. The complexity of transmission pathways is represented by pathogens such as, rabies, Nipah viruses, arboviruses, coronaviruses, and influenza viruses. This review also described the need for integrated surveillance systems, the increasing threats posed by urbanization and climate change and implications for One Health security. Pandemics in future caused by viral zoonoses spillover must be avoided by early detection, biosecurity, international cooperation, and immunization campaigns.