Articles

Zoonotic vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted from animals to humans by blood‑feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, sand flies and tsetse flies. Mosquitoes and ticks are the dominant vectors, and key pathogens include RNA viruses (Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Togaviridae), rickettsial and other bacteria, and protozoa such as Plasmodium, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Babesia and related parasites. Because VBZDs link human, animal and environmental health, effective response requires an integrated One Health approach, combining enhanced surveillance, ecological and climate‑informed risk modeling, vector control, vaccination where available, and improved environmental management.