Articles

CRISPR-Cas9 is one of the most revolutionary genome editing tools in the field of molecular biology, biotechnology and precision medicine, given its simplicity, efficiency and unprecedented accuracy. The CRISPR-Cas9 system, an adaptive immune system of bacteria, uses a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) to guide the Cas9 endonuclease to specific DNA sequences to enable the precise double-stranded DNA cleavage which is repaired by cellular mechanisms to introduce targeted genetic modifications. This article explores the key factors and molecular mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9, including recognition, cleavage, and DNA repair. It also explores the present delivery systems, such as viral or non-viral delivery, that enable effective genome editing in a variety of biological systems. Moreover, the article discusses various other applications of CRISPR-Cas9, especially in agriculture and functional genomics. However, some problems exist in Good Manufacturing Practices, such as off-target mutation, delivery problems, immunogenicity, and ethical concerns in human genome editing, which are still significant obstacles. Both technological development and responsible regulation are required to ensure that CRISPR-Cas9 is applied safely, accurately, and clinically in the future to realize its potential for biomedical and agricultural innovation.