Articles

The physiological basis of endothelial dysfunction has long been understood as an early physiological derangement which lies at the root of cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression. It aimed to understand the physiology, clinical implications, and treatment of endothelial dysfunction. It had been found that deficits in nitric oxide (NO) availability, oxidative stress, and inflammation and eNOS dysfunction had been part of the process leading to vascular injury, atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Clinical evidence has revealed endothelial dysfunction prior to the development of CVD and its association with a high risk of CHD, stroke and cardiovascular incidents. These diagnostic techniques, such as flow-mediated dilation and endothelial biomarkers, had helped in identifying early risks, and lifestyle and pharmacologic approaches had helped enhance endothelial function.