Articles

Plant diseases continue to be the key limitation to agriculture in the world, and the climate changes are contributing to the pressure of the pathogens and deteriorating the resistance of the hosts. Conventional breeding is not always enough to meet the need for broad-spectrum resistance and durability. Biotechnology provides specific methods to surmount these shortcomings by providing specific manipulation of genomes, control over the pathogen, and preferential purposeful modification of the relationship between plants and microbes. This short review talks about important biotechnological ways to make plants more resistant. These include transgenic expression of resistance genes, CRISPR-based gene editing, RNA-based silencing, molecular marker-assisted selection, tissue culture and regeneration, microbial engineering, and synthetic biology strategies. The principles, applications and limitations of each strategy are discussed with regard to the complementary functions in resistance breeding. Lastly, the review offers insights into how these tools can be combined to come up with crops that are resilient, flexible, and those that can endure the changing disease threats in order to maintain agricultural output.