Articles

Commercialization of modern plant breeding, including discovery of a gene through to a commercially viable crop line is an integrated and complicated process that integrates both sophisticated scientific innovation and enormous regulatory, economic, and social issues. It starts with the discovery of the candidate genes based on genomic resources and multiomics data, and then the development of precise traits based on such methods as transgenesis, CRISPRCas9 gene editing, and marker assisted selection. Doubled haploids and high throughput phenotyping are some of the key technologies that hasten breeding cycles. Nevertheless, commercialization is severely limited by crowded intellectual property rights, expensive and incompatible international regulatory systems particularly between genetically modified and gene-edited products as well as the absolute necessity of social acceptance